Niba icyayi kibisi aricyo ambasaderi wibinyobwa byo muri Aziya yuburasirazuba, noneho icyayi cyirabura cyakwirakwiriye kwisi yose.Kuva mu Bushinwa kugera mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, na Afurika, icyayi cy'umukara gishobora kugaragara.Iki cyayi cyavutse ku bw'impanuka, cyahindutse ikinyobwa mpuzamahanga hamwe no kumenyekanisha ubumenyi bw'icyayi.
Intsinzi yananiwe
Mu mpera za Ming n’ingoma ya mbere ya Qing, ingabo zanyuze mu Mudugudu wa Tongmu, Wuyi, Fujian, maze zigarurira uruganda rw’icyayi rwaho.Abasirikare ntibari bafite aho barara, ku buryo baryamye mu kirere ku bibabi by'icyayi birundanyije hasi mu ruganda rw'icyayi.Izi "icyayi cyo hasi" zumye kandi ziratetse kandi zigurishwa ku giciro gito.Amababi yicyayi asohora impumuro nziza ya pinusi.
Abenegihugu bazi ko iki ari icyayi kibisi cyananiwe gukora, kandi ntawushaka kukigura no kukinywa.Bashobora kuba batatekereje ko mu myaka mike, iki cyayi cyananiranye kizamenyekana kwisi yose kandi kikaba kimwe mubicuruzwa byingenzi by’ubucuruzi bw’amahanga bw’ingoma ya چىڭ.Izina ryayo ni icyayi cyirabura.
Icyayi kinini cyiburayi tubona ubu gishingiye ku cyayi cyirabura, ariko mubyukuri, nkigihugu cya mbere cyacuruje icyayi nu Bushinwa ku rugero runini, Abongereza nabo banyuze mu nzira ndende yo kwakira icyayi cyirabura.Igihe icyayi cyinjizwaga mu Burayi binyuze mu Isosiyete y'Abaholandi y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde, Abongereza ntibari bafite uburenganzira bwo gutegeka mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya, bityo bagombaga kugura icyayi mu Buholandi.Iki kibabi cyamayobera kiva muburasirazuba cyahindutse ibintu byiza cyane mubisobanuro byabagenzi babanyaburayi.Irashobora gukiza indwara, gutinda gusaza, kandi icyarimwe igereranya umuco, imyidagaduro no kumurikirwa.Byongeye kandi, tekinoloji yo gutera no kubyaza umusaruro icyayi yafashwe nkibanga rya leta yo mu rwego rwo hejuru n’ingoma z’Ubushinwa.Usibye kubona icyayi cyateguwe n'abacuruzi, Abanyaburayi bafite ubumenyi bumwe ku bikoresho fatizo by'icyayi, aho bahinga, ubwoko, n'ibindi simbizi.Icyayi cyatumizwaga mu Bushinwa cyari gito cyane.Mu kinyejana cya 16 na 17, Abanyaportigale bahisemo gutumiza icyayi mu Buyapani.Icyakora, nyuma y’ubukangurambaga bwa Toyotomi Hideyoshi, abakirisitu benshi b’i Burayi biciwe mu Buyapani, kandi ubucuruzi bw’icyayi bwari hafi guhagarara.
Mu 1650, igiciro cyicyiro 1 cyicyayi mubwongereza cyari hafi ibiro 6-10, gihinduka mubiciro byuyu munsi, byari bihwanye n’ibiro 500-850, ni ukuvuga ko icyayi gihenze cyane mu Bwongereza icyo gihe gishobora kuba cyaragurishijwe kuri bihwanye na 4000 yuyu munsi / igiciro cyinjangwe.Ibi kandi ni ibisubizo byamanutse ryibiciro byicyayi uko ubucuruzi bwiyongera.Mu 1689, ni bwo Isosiyete y'Abongereza y'Uburasirazuba bw'Ubuhinde yavuganye na guverinoma ya Qing ku mugaragaro kandi itumiza icyayi ku bwinshi ku miyoboro yemewe, maze igiciro cy'icyayi cy'Ubwongereza kigabanuka munsi y'ibiro 1.Nyamara, ku cyayi cyatumijwe mu Bushinwa, Abongereza bahoraga mu rujijo ku bibazo by’ubuziranenge, kandi buri gihe bumva ko ubwiza bw’icyayi cy’Ubushinwa budahagaze neza.
Mu 1717, Thomas Twinings (washinze ikirango cya TWININGS uyumunsi) yafunguye icyumba cyambere cyicyayi i Londres.Intwaro ye yubucuruzi ni ukumenyekanisha ubwoko butandukanye bwicyayi kivanze.Kubijyanye nimpamvu yo gukora icyayi kivanze, ni ukubera uburyohe bwicyayi butandukanye buratandukanye cyane.Umwuzukuru wa TWININGS yigeze gusobanura uburyo sekuru yagize ati: "Niba ukuyemo udusanduku makumyabiri twicyayi hanyuma ukarya icyayi witonze, azasanga buri gasanduku gafite uburyohe butandukanye: bimwe birakomeye kandi birakomeye, bimwe byoroshye kandi bidakabije… Mu kuvanga no guhuza icyayi kiva mumasanduku atandukanye, turashobora kubona imvange iryoshye kuruta agasanduku kamwe.Byongeye kandi, ubu ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kwemeza ubuziranenge buhoraho. ”Abasare b'Abongereza icyarimwe nabo banditse mubyababayeho ubwabo ko bagomba kuba maso mugihe bakorana nabacuruzi b'Abashinwa.Icyayi kimwe cyirabura, kandi barashobora kubireba ko atari icyayi cyiza.Ariko mubyukuri, ubu bwoko bwicyayi birashoboka cyane icyayi cyirabura gikorerwa mubushinwa.
Nyuma yaho, ni bwo Abongereza bamenye ko icyayi cy'umukara gitandukanye n'icyayi kibisi, cyashishikazaga kunywa icyayi cy'umukara.Nyuma yo kuva mu rugendo mu Bushinwa, pasiteri w'Ubwongereza John Overton yagejeje ku Bongereza ko mu Bushinwa hari ubwoko butatu bw'icyayi: icyayi cya Wuyi, icyayi cya songluo n'icyayi cya cake, muri byo icyayi cya Wuyi cyubahwa nk'icyambere n'Abashinwa. ”Guhera aha, Abongereza batangiye Bifata inzira yo kunywa icyayi cyiza cya Wuyi cyiza.
Icyakora, kubera leta ya Qing ibanga ryuzuye ryubumenyi bwicyayi, abongereza benshi ntibari bazi ko itandukaniro ryubwoko butandukanye bwicyayi ryatewe no gutunganya, bakibeshya ko hariho ibiti byicyayi kibisi, ibiti byicyayi byirabura, nibindi. .
Gutunganya icyayi cy'umukara n'umuco waho
Mubikorwa byicyayi cyumukara, inzira zingenzi zumye no gusembura.Intego yo gukama ni ugukwirakwiza ubuhehere buri mu bibabi byicyayi.Hariho uburyo butatu bwingenzi: urumuri rwizuba rwumye, imbere murugo rwumye no gushyuha.Umusaruro wicyayi wumukara ugezweho ahanini ushingiye kuburyo bwa nyuma.Igikorwa cya fermentation nukwirukana theaflavins, thearubigins nibindi bice bikubiye mumababi yicyayi, niyo mpamvu icyayi cyirabura kizagaragara umutuku wijimye.Ukurikije uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ibikoresho by icyayi, abantu bakundaga kugabanya icyayi cyumukara mubwoko butatu, aribwo icyayi cyirabura cya Souchong, icyayi cyirabura cya Gongfu nicyayi gitukura.Twabibutsa ko abantu benshi bazandika icyayi cyirabura cya Gongfu "Icyayi cya Kung Fu".Mubyukuri, ibisobanuro byombi ntabwo bihuye, kandi kuvuga "Kung Fu" na "Kung Fu" mu mvugo ya Hokkien yepfo nabyo biratandukanye.Uburyo bwiza bwo kwandika bugomba kuba "Icyayi cya Gongfu".
Icyayi cy'umukara cya Confuciya hamwe n'icyayi kimenetse ni ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, hamwe na hamwe bikoreshwa cyane mu cyayi.Nkicyayi kinini cyoherezwa hanze, icyayi cyirabura nticyagize ingaruka mubwongereza gusa mukinyejana cya 19.Kuva Yongzheng yasinyana amasezerano n’Uburusiya bw’Abarusiya mu mwaka wa gatanu, Ubushinwa bwatangiye gucuruza n’Uburusiya, maze Uburusiya bwinjizwa mu cyayi.Kubarusiya batuye ahantu hakonje, icyayi cyirabura nikinyobwa cyiza gishyushya.Bitandukanye n’abongereza, Abarusiya bakunda kunywa icyayi gikomeye, kandi bazongeramo jam, uduce twindimu, brandi cyangwa rum kumupanga munini wicyayi cyumukara kugirango uhuze Umugati, scone nibindi biryo birashobora kuba ifunguro.
Uburyo Abafaransa banywa icyayi cy'umukara bisa nkibyo mu Bwongereza.Bibanda ku myidagaduro.Bazongeramo amata, isukari cyangwa amagi mucyayi cyirabura, bafate ibirori byicyayi murugo, kandi bategure ibyokurya bitetse.Abahinde hafi bagomba kunywa igikombe cyicyayi cyamata gikozwe mucyayi cyirabura nyuma yo kurya.Uburyo bwo kubikora nabwo burihariye.Shira icyayi cy'umukara, amata, karungu, na karidomu hamwe mu nkono yo guteka, hanyuma usuke ibirungo kugirango ukore ubu bwoko bw'icyayi.Ikinyobwa cyitwa "Icyayi cya Masala".
Umukino mwiza hagati yicyayi cyirabura nibikoresho bitandukanye bibisi bituma ukundwa kwisi yose.Mu kinyejana cya 19, kugira ngo icyayi cy'umukara gitangwe, Abongereza bashishikarije abakoloni guhinga icyayi, batangira guteza imbere umuco wo kunywa icyayi mu tundi turere hamwe no kwihuta kwa zahabu.Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, Ositaraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande byabaye ibihugu bifite icyayi kinini ku muturage.Ku bijyanye n’ahantu ho gutera, usibye gushishikariza Ubuhinde na Ceylon guhatana mu guhinga icyayi cyirabura, Abongereza banakinguye imirima y’icyayi mu bihugu bya Afurika, uyihagarariye cyane akaba ari Kenya.Nyuma yikinyejana cyiterambere, Kenya uyumunsi ibaye iya gatatu mu gutanga icyayi cyirabura ku isi.Ariko, kubera ubutaka buke hamwe nikirere cyikirere, ubwiza bwicyayi cyirabura cya Kenya ntabwo ari bwiza.Nubwo ibisohoka ari binini, ibyinshi birashobora gukoreshwa gusa mumifuka yicyayi.ibikoresho fatizo.
Hamwe no kuzamuka kwicyayi cyumukara, uburyo bwo gutangiza ikirango cyabo byabaye ikibazo kubacuruzi bicyayi cyirabura batekereza cyane.Ni muri urwo rwego, uwatsinze umwaka nta gushidikanya Lipton.Bavuga ko Lipton numufana utekereza kuzamura icyayi cyirabura amasaha 24 kumunsi.Ubwato bw'imizigo Lipton yari amaze kumeneka, kapiteni abwira abagenzi guta imizigo mu nyanja.Lipton yahise agaragaza ubushake bwo guta icyayi cye cyose cyirabura.Mbere yo guta ibisanduku by'icyayi cy'umukara, yanditse izina rya sosiyete ya Lipton kuri buri gasanduku.Aya masanduku yajugunywe mu nyanja yareremba yerekeza mu gace ka Arabiya ku nkombe z'inyanja, maze abarabu babatoraguye ku mucanga bahita bakunda ikinyobwa nyuma yo kukinywa.Lipton yinjiye ku isoko ryabarabu hamwe nishoramari rya zeru.Urebye ko Lipton ubwe ari umuhanga wirata kimwe n'umuhanga mu kwamamaza, ukuri kw'inkuru yavuze ntikigaragazwa.Ariko, amarushanwa akaze no guhatanira icyayi cyirabura ku isi murashobora kubibona.
Mubwoko bwa ain
Keemun Kungfu, Lapsang Souchong, Jinjunmei, Yunnan Igiti cya kera Icyayi cy'umukara
Souchong icyayi cyirabura
Souchong bivuze ko umubare ari muke, kandi inzira idasanzwe ni ukunyura inkono itukura.Binyuze muriyi nzira, fermentation yamababi yicyayi irahagarikwa, kugirango ibungabunge impumuro yamababi yicyayi.Ubu buryo busaba ko mugihe ubushyuhe bwinkono yicyuma bugeze kubisabwa, koga-inkono mu nkono n'amaboko yombi.Igihe kigomba kugenzurwa neza.Birebire cyane cyangwa bigufi cyane bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yicyayi.
https://www.loopteas.com/black-tea-lapsang-souchong-china-teas-product/
Gongfu icyayi cyirabura
Icyiciro nyamukuru cyicyayi cyumukara.Ubwa mbere, amazi yibibabi byicyayi agabanuka kugeza munsi ya 60% mukuma, hanyuma hakorwa inzira eshatu zo kuzunguruka, gusembura, no gukama.Mugihe cyo gusembura, icyumba cya fermentation kigomba guhora cyaka kandi ubushyuhe burakwiriye, hanyuma amaherezo ubwiza bwamababi yicyayi bwatoranijwe binyuze muburyo bunoze.
https://www.loopteas.com/china-black-tea-gong-fu-black-tea-product/
CTC
Gupfukama no gukata bisimbuza guteka muburyo bwo gukora ubwoko bubiri bwicyayi cyirabura.Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye muburyo bwintoki, ubukanishi, gukata no gukata, ubwiza nigaragara ryibicuruzwa byakozwe biratandukanye cyane.Icyayi gitonyanga gitukura gikoreshwa nkibikoresho fatizo byicyayi nicyayi cyamata.
https://www.urubuga rwa interineti
Jin Junmei
Inkomoko: Umusozi wa Wuyi, Fujian
Color Ibara ry'isupu: umuhondo wa zahabu
Aroma: Gukomatanya
Icyayi gishya, cyashinzwe mu 2005, ni icyayi cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru kandi gikeneye gukorwa mu biti by’icyayi cya alpine.Hariho byinshi byo kwigana, kandi icyayi cyumye cyumuhondo, umukara, na zahabu bifite amabara atatu, ariko ntabwo ari ibara rimwe rya zahabu.
Lapsang Souchong
Inkomoko: Umusozi wa Wuyi, Fujian
Color Ibara ry'isupu: umutuku mwiza
Aroma: Impumuro nziza
Kubera gukoresha ibiti bya pinusi byakorewe mu karere kugirango unywe kandi uteke, Lapsang Souchong izaba ifite rozine idasanzwe cyangwa impumuro nziza ya longan.Mubisanzwe igituba cya mbere ni impumuro nziza, kandi nyuma yibibyimba bibiri cyangwa bitatu, impumuro ndende itangira kugaragara.
Tanyang Kungfu
Inkomoko: Fu'an, Fujian
Color Ibara ry'isupu: umutuku mwiza
Aroma: Nibyiza
Igicuruzwa cy’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga mu gihe cy’ingoma ya Qing, cyigeze kuba icyayi cyagenewe umuryango w’abami b’Ubwongereza, kandi cyinjiza amamiliyoni y’ifeza mu kwinjiza amadovize ku ngoma ya Qing buri mwaka.Ariko ifite izina rito mu Bushinwa, ndetse ihinduka icyayi kibisi mu myaka ya za 70.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-10-2023